Indochinese Polydictya lanternflies : Two new species from Vietnam , identification key and notes on P . vietnamica

Two new species of Polydictya Guérin-Méneville, 1844 from Vietnam, P. grootaerti sp. n. from Central Vietnam and P. drumonti sp. n. from North Vietnam, are described and compared with the closest species, P. chantrainei Nagai & Porion, 2004 and P. kuntzi Nagai & Porion, 2004. The male genitalia are described and illustrated for the two new species as well as for P. vietnamica Constant & Pham, 2008 for the fi rst time. Habitus details and photographs, a distribution map and photographs of specimens in nature when available, are provided. The occurrence of P. vietnamica from Thailand and Northeast India, noted here for the fi rst time based on photographs taken in nature, requires confi rmation based on the examination of specimens. An identifi cation key to the species of Polydictya from the Indochinese region is provided. ZooBank Article LSID: 4DD7B940-02D7-426B-A666-8791F30CC5C9

The genus presently contains 28 species (Bourgoin, 2016).It is distributed in the Oriental region: from Sri Lanka to northern India, Thailand, Vietnam, southwards to Sulawesi and its adjacent islands through Indonesia, but it is not recorded from the Philippines.
The closest species are P. chantrainei (Thailand, Malaysia), P. grootaerti sp.n. (Vietnam) and P. kuntzi (Borneo), from which P. drumonti can be separated by characters (2) (the three other species do not have black spots inside the coloured area on the posterior wings) and ( 5) (the abdomen of the three other species is largely or entirely red dorsally).
Tegmina (Fig. 1A, C, E).Pale yellow-brown with basicostal angle whitish, basal 1/4 tinged with rosy, large black markings on basal 1/3 often merging together, 3 large black to dark-brown markings and groups of smaller spots on costal cell sometimes merging together; apical half with veins yellowish and cells dark brown, paler towards apex,

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The male genitalia were dissected as follows: The pygofer was cut from the abdomen of the softened specimen with a needle blade, then heated for about one hour in a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH).The aedeagus was dissected with a needle blade and all pieces examined in ethanol and then the whole placed in glycerine for preservation.Observations were done using a Leica MZ8 stereomicroscope.Pictures were taken with a Canon EOS 700D camera with Sigma DG Macro lens, stacked using software CombineZ and optimized with Adobe Photoshop CS3.The phallus was not infl ated due to the diffi culty of obtaining good and replicable results and because it is not indispensable for separating the species in the genus Polydictya.
For the transcription of the labels of the types, each single label is enclosed in square brackets.
The measurements are as in Constant (2004) and the following abbreviations are used: BF -maximum breadth of the frons; BTg -maximum breadth of the tegmen; BV -maximum breadth of the vertex; LF -length of the frons in median line; LT -total length (apex of head to apex of tegmina); LTg -maximum length of the tegmen; LV -length of the vertex in median line.
Acronyms used for the collections: BMNH -Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; RBINS -Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; UDCC -University of Delaware, Insect Reference Collection, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A.; VNMN -Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Hanoi, Vietnam.Diagnosis.The characters defi ning this genus are given by Lallemand (1963), i.e., head broad, slightly narrower than the pronotum; frons as long as broad, not carinate, and with some irregular yellow-brown markings; costal and sutural margins subparallel, apex obliquely rounded.

Taxonomy
Hind wings (Fig. 1A, C).Broader than tegmina.Brown on apical half and along sutural margin; basal half bright red with small irregular black markings; transverse yellowish-orange area between red and brown parts.
Legs (Fig. 1A, C).Elongate and slender with pro-and mesotibiae not foliaceaous.Anterior and middle legs black-brown with protibiae and pro-and mesotarsi black, and mesotibiae with 2 obsolete paler rings.Metafemora yellow-brown dorsally and brown ventrally; metatibiae yellow-brown with apex brown; metatarsi dark brown.Metatibiae with 6 lateral and 7 apical spines.
Abdomen (Fig. 1A, C).Black with lateral pleura and intersegmental membranes bright red.Posterior margin of tergites and sternites very narrowly bordered with red.
The closest species are P. chantrainei (Thailand, Malaysia), P. drumonti sp.n. (Vietnam) and P. kuntzi (Borneo), from which P. grootaerti can be separated by character (2) (the three other species do not have a bright red patch at the base of a bright orange coloured area on the posterior wings) and (5) (in P. chantrainei the dorsum of the abdomen is entirely red, in P. drumonti it is entirely black).It can also be separated from P. kuntzi by the black abdominal sternites (red in P. kuntzi).
Tegmina (Fig. 3A, C, E).Pale yellow-brown largely covered with irregular black markings formed by black cells, 5 black markings on costal cell; all veins yellowish; pale yellow marking at apex of clavus; costal and sutural margins subparallel, apex obliquely rounded.
Hind wings (Fig. 3A, C).Broader than tegmina.Apical half and broad band along sutural margin brown; basal half bright orange with basal angle red.
Male genitalia.Pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli orange; pygofer higher than long, with posterior margin slightly curved in lateral view and showing spatulate dorsolateral process directed dorsally (Fig. 4A, B).Anal tube elongate, 1.55 times longer than broad in dorsal view, broader at 3/5 of total length; dorsal margin nearly straight in lateral view and strongly curved ventrally near apex (Fig. 4A,  B); lateral margins sinuate in dorsal view (Fig. 4B); apical margin nearly straight in dorsal view (Fig. 4B); apical margin curved in posterior view (Fig. 4C); ventral margin refl exed near apex (Fig. 4A).Gonostyli (Fig. 4A) elongate with posterior half broader and strong subbasal constriction in lateral view; strong lateral tooth at about half length directed antero-ventrally; apical margin nearly straight medially.Aedeagus (Fig. 4D, E) with endosomal process curved internally, laterally laminate and narrowing towards apex in dorsal view; dorsal margin with 6 teeth directed laterodorsally and a strong tooth directed dorsolaterally on mediodorsal margin.Etymology.The species is dedicated to Dr Patrick Grootaert, the head of Entomology at RBINS in acknowledgment for his long-standing support and help with our projects in Vietnam.
Distribution.Known from Central Vietnam, Bach Ma National Park and Ba Na Hills (Fig. 9A).
Biology.The specimens collected in Bach Ma National Park were sitting close to one another on the trunk of an unidentifi ed species of tree (Fig. 5).At rest, they are very well camoufl aged and diffi cult to spot.Male genitalia.Pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli red.Pygofer higher than long, with posterior margin showing a broad, elongate, laminate process at mid-height, directed medioposteriorly, posterior margin of process rounded; anterior margin of pygofer strongly concave in lateral view (Fig. 7A, B).Anal tube in dorsal view elongate, 1.54 times longer than broad, broader at 3/4 of total length (Fig. 7B); strongly curved ventrally in lateral view and broader apically (Fig. 7A); apical margin slightly concave in posterior view (Fig. 7C); lateral margins diverging from base to apex in dorsal view (Fig. 7B).Gonostyli (Fig. 7A) elongate, 1.70 times longer than high in lateral view with posterior half broader in lateral view; strong lateral tooth directed posteroventrally at about half of length, under dorsal margin; apical margin oblique with dorsal and ventral angles rounded; dorsal margin slightly curved and ventral margin broadly rounded in lateral view; basal dorsal fi eld of small spines directed dorsally.Aedeagus (Fig. 7D-E) with endosomal processes elongate with apex slightly clavate and curved internally; dorsolateral lamina on median 1/3, broader near base and with lateral margin irregular; lamina sinuate in lateral view.Note.We have not been able to fi nd a place named "Nui Hong Kong", but near Pleiku, there is "Nui Ham Rong" (Gia Lai province), a mountain close to Camp Enari, an American military base camp established in September 1966and closed in April 1970(Wikipedia, 2016).The wrong name on the specimen's label is probably a transcriptional error.
Distribution.This species is recorded from Vietnam, Thailand (new country record to be confi rmed) and northern India (new country record to be confi rmed) (Fig. 9B).
Note.The data from Thailand and India are based on photographs as no collection specimens from these countries are available.Confi rmation of the presence of this species based on the examination of specimens is still pending (see Discussion).

Identifi cation key to the species of Polydictya from the Indochinese region
Note.The couplet 2 concerning P. basalis and P. johannae is based on the key given by Lallemand (1963).The latter species was described based on a female specimen and still requires a study of the male genitalia in order to assess its relation to P. basalis.

DISCUSSION
Seven species of Polydictya are currently recorded from the Indochinese Peninsula, with three of them described from Vietnam within the last 8 years.
Recent research and additional data based on photographs have also greatly extended the recorded distribution of P. vietnamica.The species was described based on a single female from Central Vietnam but is apparently widespread in continental Southeast Asia, with a range extending westwards to Thailand and India.All photographic data of this species were obtained through social media on the internet, on Facebook pages dedicated to insects and nature (see also Constant et al., 2016 for another example of the improvement of Lanternfl ies knowledge through the use of social networks).
However, the identifi cation of Polydictya species requires confi rmation based on the colouration of the hind wing and dorsum of the abdomen as well as the male genitalia, especially when data is recorded for areas far away from the previous distribution.For example, based on photographs of living specimens, P. grootaerti sp.n. could be easily confused with P. chantrainei (see also Constant, 2009 for an illustration of P. chantrainei).In conclusion, collecting specimens to accurately document the species (males and females whenever possible) is highly recommended, and authorities should encourage this practice by citizen-scientists providing they collaborate in scientifi c projects.This is of great importance in order to build scientifi cally based faunistic lists and databases, e.g., for protected areas.

Etymology.
The species epithet refers to our colleague Alain Drumont (RBINS), who kindly donated the fi rst known specimen of this new species.Distribution.Known from North Vietnam: Sa Pa and Ha Giang (Fig.9A).Polydictya grootaerti sp.n.(Figs 3, 4, 5, 9)    ZooBank taxon LSID: B7CBBEAB-2D49-4BFC-B322-A206CCF378F7Diagnosis.This species can be separated from all other species of Polydictya by the following combination of