into Europe (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae)

The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., is native to India, China, Korea, Japan and the Rus- sian Far East. Its larvae are a serious pest of different species of Buxus. Recently, C. perspectalis was introduced into Europe and first recorded from Germany in 2006. This species has been placed in various spilomeline genera including Palpita Hubner, 1808, Diaphania Hubner, 1818, Glyphodes Guenee, 1854 and the monotypic Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008. In order to solve this nomen- clatural confusion and to find a reasonable and verifiable generic placement for the box tree moth, the morphology of the above mentioned and some additional spilomeline taxa was investigated and their phylogeny analysed. The results show that C. perspec- talis belongs to a monophylum that includes three of the genera in which it was previously placed: Glyphodes, Diaphania and Pal- pita. Within this monophylum, it is closely related to the Asian Cydalima Lederer, 1863. As a result of this analysis, Sisyrophora Lederer, 1863 syn. rev. and Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008 syn. n. are synonymised with Cydalima Lederer, 1863, and five species are transferred to this genus: Cydalima capriniodes (Hampson, 1912) (Glyphodes) comb. n., Cydalima decipiens (Hampson, 1912) (Glyphodes) comb. n., Cydalima joiceyi (Janse, 1924) (Margaronia) comb. n., Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Phakellura) comb. n. and Cydalima pfeifferae (Lederer, 1863) (Sisyrophora) comb. rev.

Against this background, the morphology of the above mentioned genera and some additional spilomeline taxa were investigated and their phylogeny analysed in order to obtain a reasonable and verifiable generic placement for the box tree moth.
Glyphodes decipiens Hampson, 1912 Holotype (by monotypy): %, with labels "Type", "Ceram [back] 62 | 18", For the morphological analysis, dried museum specimens and adults were used.Dissections of abdomens and preparation of genitalia were performed according to Robinson (1976).Photographic documentation of genitalia was done using a Nikon Eclipse E600 Microscope in combination with a Zeiss AxioCam MRc5 camera and AxioVision programme (Version 4.4) on a Windows PC.Morphological characters are coded with respect to homology criteria and congruency.Some of the characters coded were used by Sutrisno (2002a, b) for studying Glyphodes and related genera, but the interpretation of these characters is not necessarily identical with that adopted in this study.
The morphological data matrix was transformed into a nexusfile and analysed using Paup 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2000) and the PaupUp graphical interface, version 1.0.3.1 Beta (Calendini & Martin, 2005).All characters used in this analysis were unordered and parsimony-informative.A maximum parsimony analysis was undertaken using the branch and bound algorithm with simple sequence addition.The maximum number of trees to be saved was set to be automatically increased when the limit is reached.
To evaluate the robustness of the data set, a bootstrap analysis was performed with 1.000 replicates via branch and bound search with simple addition sequence and re-sampling of all 19 characters in each replicate.TreeGraph 2 (Stöver & Müller, 2010) was used to illustrate the resulting phylogenies.

RESULTS
Nineteen adult characters were coded.Four were of female genitalia, 11 of male genitalia and four of wing patterning.Sixteen of these characters are binary and three are multistate.The characters are listed in Table 1 and the character matrix in Table 2.

DISCUSSION
The results indicate that perspectalis belongs to a monophylum to which also belong the three genera in which it was previously placed: Glyphodes, Diaphania and Palpita.Munroe (1995) treated these genera in a Diaphania-group of 18 spilomeline genera centred on the Neotropical region, but did not mention which character(s) supported this group.In the analysis presented here, this monophylum is supported by the three synapomorphies 7:2, 8:1 and 9:1, and in addition contains the Old World taxa Agrioglypta, Cydalima, Sisyrophora and Stemorrhages.
First, the possible close relationships of perspectalis with the three genera in which it was previously placed are discussed below.
Diaphania contains 89 described species occurring in the Neotropical region, including D. indica Saunders, 1851 (Munroe, 1995).The latter species also occurs abundantly in the tropics of the Old World.Its larvae are pests of different cultivated plants, particularly Cucurbitaceae, but also Malvaceae, Amaranthaceae, Leguminosae and Solanaceae.Thus, it might be assumed that D. indica was introduced by man into the Old World.There is a second species of Diaphania in the Old World, D. holophaealis (Hampson, 1900) on Christmas Island, which might be a melanic form of D. indica (J. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007).Thus, it is highly probable that Diaphania is a neotropical taxon.Apart from characteristic wing patterns and features of their genitalia, J. Shaffer & Munroe (2007) recognize species of Diaphania by the presence of anal tufts of spatulate scales in both sexes.This character is unique for Diaphania in our matrix, and therefore was omitted from the analysis because it is parsimonyuninformative.On the basis of these arguments, there is no evidence for placing perspectalis in Diaphania.
Glyphodes is pantropical in distribution, comprising more than 120 species and in need of revision (Robinson et al., 1994).Similar to Sutrisno (2002a, b) the morphological analysis presented here does not support the monophyly of Glyphodes (=Dysallacta Lederer, 1863, as synonymised by Inoue 1982).In this analysis, all Glyphodes-species, together with Agrioglypta and Diaphania are characterized by character 6:1, uncus very narrowly attached to the tegumen.In contrast, the base of uncus in perspectalis is broadly attached to the tegumen.Externally, species of Glyphodes characteristically have colourful wings, which are easily distinguished from the white, brown edged wings of perspectalis.On the basis of these arguments, there is no evidence for placing perspectalis in Glyphodes.
Palpita comprises 146 described species mainly in the Neotropical, Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions (Nuss et al., 2010).The taxonomic revisions of the Asian and Australian species by Inoue (1996Inoue ( , 1997Inoue ( , 1999) ) indicate that these species and Stemorrhages sericea all have a pair of thorn-shaped signa in the corpus bursae (character 2:1), which unambiguously supports the monophyly of this group.On the basis of these arguments, there is no evidence for placing perspectalis in Palpita.
The above indicates that perspectalis is not closely related to Diaphania, Glyphodes or Palpita.A fourth generic name, Neoglyphodes, was proposed for perspectalis in 2008 by Streltzov.This genus is monotypic and Streltzov does not provide any hypothesis for its relationship.He lists eight diagnostic characters for this genus: (1) "In colouration -forewings with broad black or dark grey band along outer margin, continuing in narrower bands along costal and anal margins".This character complex is also present in other genera, e.g. the costal band in Diaphania, Cydalima, Palpita and Sisyrophora; the terminal band in Diaphania and Glyphodes, while the anal band in perspectalis can be present or absent.( 2) "Triangular central field white with violet glistening".In the analysis presented here, this character state is 19:0 and supports the monophyly of Agrioglypta + Glyphodes + Diaphania + Cydalima + Sisyrophora + perspectalis + Palpita + Stemorrhages + Bradina.(3) "Hindwings white with the same band at outer margin as in forewings".This character is also present in Diaphania.(4) "In wing venation -discal cells are open."This character was investigated here and there are only closed discal cells in perspectalis, a character state that is also visible in the photograph of perspectalis, but not in the drawing of its wing venation in Streltzov (2008).( 5) "In male genitalia -uncus bifurcate".This character is homoplastic in Spilomelinae, as it is also present in Pycnarmon Lederer, 1863 and Nacoleia Walker, 1859.( 6) "Valva apex with three processes" is present only in an undescribed species mentioned by Streltzov (2008), but not in perspectalis.(7) "Aedeagus [phallus] long and narrow" is a description, which is valid for most Lepidoptera.( 8) "In female genitalia -ductus short and strongly sclerotized."Here, Streltzov (2008) probably refers to the sclerotization of the ductus bursae anterior to the ductus seminalis that is identical to the character state 4:1 in the present study, which is shared by Cydalima laticostalis and Sisyrophora pfeifferae.It is the only diagnostic character given by Streltzov (2008), which, according to the analysis presented here supports relationships of perspectalis with other taxa, but none of these characters are autapomorphic for Neoglyphodes.
In contrast, the analysis presented indicates a close relationship of perspectalis with Cydalima laticostalis and Sisyrophora pfeifferae.The taxon formed by these three species is supported as monophyletic by the character 398  Based on this phylogenetic analysis and the above discussion, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: (1) The box tree moth be transferred to Cydalima Lederer, 1863 (type species: Margarodes conchylalis Guenée, 1854, a junior subjective synonym of Cydalima laticostalis (Guenée, 1854), in the combination Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb.n.Since perspectalis is the type-species of Neoglyphodes Streltzov, 2008 syn.n., this genus name be synonymised with Cydalima Lederer, 1863.
Based on these nomenclatural changes and the published data, there are currently 9 species (+ 9 synonyms) of Cydalima, all occurring in Asia and some also in Australia (Nuss et al., 2010).A taxonomic revision is still required to verify the status of available species group names and new species might be discovered as indicated by Streltzov (2008).Regarding the box tree moth C. perspectalis Walker, 1859, the type-specimen from China coincides with the specimens collected in Europe.Species group names currently treated in Cydalima and older than C. perspectalis Walker, 1859, exclusively belong to C. laticostalis (Guenée, 1854) and its synonyms Margarodes conchylalis Guenée, 1854, Margarodes nitidicostalis Guenée, 1854, and Margaronia leodicialis Walker, 1859.The type specimens of these four taxa were also investigated.They are all easily recognized as specifically distinct from C. perspectalis.Thus, it is very unlikely that a taxonomic revision of Cydalima will affect the speciesgroup name perspectalis.
states 4:1, sclerotisation of ductus bursae anterior of ductus seminalis developed and 17:1, a white spot in the discoidal cell of forewing, partly located on the brown costal margin.